Measuring intersectional HIV, sexual diversity, and gender non-conformity stigma among healthcare workers in Ghana: Scale validation and correlates of stigma

Laura Nyblade; Stacy Michelle Endres; Melissa Ann Stockton; Emmanuel Aja Oga; Khalida Saalim; Ryan William Richmond; Emmanuel Aja Oga; Melissa Ann Stockton; Gamji Rabiu Abu-Ba'are; Richard Vormawor; Emmanuel Mankattah; Stacy M  Endres-Dighe; Ryan Richmond; Sangchoon Jeon; Carmen H Logie; Emma Baning; Khalida Saalim; Kwasi Torpey; LaRon E Nelson; Laura Nyblade

Measuring intersectional HIV, sexual diversity, and gender non-conformity stigma among healthcare workers in Ghana

Scale validation and correlates of stigma

Oga, E. A., Stockton, M. A., Abu-Ba'are, G. R., Vormawor, R., Mankattah, E., Endres-Dighe, S., Richmond, R., Jeon, S., Logie, C. H., Baning, E., Saalim, K., Torpey, K., Nelson, L. E., & Nyblade, L. (2024). Measuring intersectional HIV, sexual diversity, and gender non-conformity stigma among healthcare workers in Ghana: Scale validation and correlates of stigma. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1), Article 647. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11098-6

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at heightened risk for HIV acquisition, yet they may delay or avoid HIV testing due to intersectional stigma experienced at the healthcare facility (HCF). Few validated scales exist to measure intersectional stigma, particularly amongst HCF staff. We developed the Healthcare Facility Staff Intersectional Stigma Scale (HCF-ISS) and assessed factors associated with stigma in Ghana.

METHODS: We analyzed baseline data from HCF staff involved in a study testing a multi-level intervention to reduce intersectional stigma experienced by MSM. Data are from eight HCFs in Ghana (HCF Staff n = 200). The HCF-ISS assesses attitudes and beliefs towards same-sex relationships, people living with HIV (PLWH) and gender non-conformity. Exploratory factor analysis assessed HCF-ISS construct validity and Cronbach's alphas assessed the reliability of the scale. Multivariable regression analyses assessed factors associated with intersectional stigma.

RESULTS: Factor analysis suggested an 18-item 3-factor scale including: Comfort with Intersectional Identities in the Workplace (6 items, Cronbach's alpha = 0.71); Beliefs about Gender and Sexuality Norms (7 items, Cronbach's alpha = 0.72); and Beliefs about PLWH (5 items, Cronbach's alpha = 0.68). Having recent clients who engage in same-gender sex was associated with greater comfort with intersectional identities but more stigmatizing beliefs about PLWH. Greater religiosity was associated with stigmatizing beliefs. Infection control training was associated with less stigma towards PLWH and greater comfort with intersectional identities.

CONCLUSIONS: Achieving the goal of ending AIDS by 2030 requires eliminating barriers that undermine access to HIV prevention and treatment for MSM, including HCF intersectional stigma. The HCF-ISS provides a measurement tool to support intersectional stigma-reduction interventions.