"All carrots and no stick": Perceived impacts, changes in practices, and attitudes among law enforcement following drug decriminalization in Oregon State, USA

Hope M. Smiley McDonald; Lynn D. Wenger; Alex H. Kral; Barrot Hopkins Lambdin; Peyton Attaway Scalise; Hope M. Smiley McDonald; Peyton Attaway Scalise; Lynn D. Wenger; Kathryn Greenwell; Barrot Hopkins Lambdin; Alex H. Kral

"All carrots and no stick"

Perceived impacts, changes in practices, and attitudes among law enforcement following drug decriminalization in Oregon State, USA

Smiley-McDonald, H. M., Attaway, P. R., Wenger, L. D., Greenwell, K., Lambdin, B. H., & Kral, A. H. (2023). "All carrots and no stick": Perceived impacts, changes in practices, and attitudes among law enforcement following drug decriminalization in Oregon State, USA. International Journal of Drug Policy, 118, Article 104100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104100

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: By passing Ballot Measure 110 (BM 110), Oregon became the first U.S. state to decriminalize noncommercial possession of drugs that are illegal under the Controlled Substances Act. This study examined the perceived impacts of BM 110 on law enforcement and Oregon communities.

METHODS: Our team visited four geographically distinct Oregon counties in August 2022 (two urban, two rural). The qualitative study involved conducting 34 hour-long interviews with law enforcement, other criminal legal system personnel, and representatives from emergency medical services/fire and substance use treatment and harm reduction agencies. Interviewees were asked about their perceptions of BM 110's effects on law enforcement, their communities, and agencies.

RESULTS: Law enforcement interviewees viewed BM 110 as a failure; they perceived it resulted in an erosion of their authority. They expressed frustration that they could not use drug possession as a "tool" for investigations to pursue and build cases, establish probable cause, and impose what they believed necessary for social order. Law enforcement personnel in all four counties indicated they routinely seized drugs and drug paraphernalia during encounters with people using drugs, even when that was the only offense being committed. Police lacked knowledge that BM 110 included support for harm reduction services, housing assistance, and employment support. Law enforcement personnel had different opinions and practices regarding issuing Class E violations; those who did not issue them viewed them as a waste of time because they are not entry points into the criminal legal system.

CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into drug decriminalization in Oregon. This examination is critical for informing BM 110's continued implementation as Oregon proceeds with increased treatment and support service provision. Our findings have important implications regarding other states' design and implementation of drug policy alternatives, including ones that remove law enforcement's role in addressing drug use.